Not really sure what to tell you. On page 358, the first bullet point in the Anti-Ship (AS) Missiles' box it clearly states
"When an AS Missile delivers a successful attack, it inflicts 3 points of capital-scale damage (30 standard-scale damage) to the target's armor; in addition, the Attacker rolls for a penetrating critical hit as a Barracuda missile."
And sure, these didn't make their way out until the Jihad kicked, off, but they weren't really needed before that. The SLDF's apparent doctrine means you didn't really want your fighters going after DropShips and WarShips, that's what you had DropShips and WarShips for. You wanted your fighters going after the other guy's fighters. The Houses and Periphery might have needed an Anti-Ship missile in the Star League era for their fighters considering the disparity between the Star League navy and the House Navies, but at the same time, that disparity probably meant they were loading up their fighters with Alamos rather than bothering with lower-yield weaponry.
The Successor States didn't really have the option to make such things during the Succession War, and until the Jihad, the Successor States probably felt that their navies were going to be on par with everyone else, and thus didn't need their fighters going after WarShips with non-Alamo weaponry. It isn't really until the Jihad when the navies take a serious hit and the advent of Pocket WarShips means that your fighters aren't going to just be going after WarShips, but also heavily armored DropShips that will need to be opened up by hard-hitting AS weapons.