The FedCom siding with the SLDF would seal the deal, but the ambition of Hanse may be too great to not start shooting.
As healthy an ego as Hanse has, and as much of a magnificent bastard as he is, he's intelligent enough to not get that far in over his head. There's a difference between taking audacious risks and poking an angry bear when you're not sufficiently armed to make good the annoyance.
Even here there are areas that the SLDF could leverage such as Skye nationalism, or even leveraging Tikonov Union worlds would be better off in the SLDF than FedCom.
I still think the endgame though of a returned SLDF would be partly revanchist, taking back, by force if need be, the worlds of the Hegemony taken by the Great Houses. That could partly be done by leveraging discontent (certainly with Skye seccessionism, since the Lestrade family's former power base was on Summer which was a Hegemony world, and they might see a returned SLDF with designs on a reformed Hegemony as a path to their return to prominence after Aldo got them ejected from their titles and landhold), true, but some of those worlds (such as Dieron) would put up a fight as they have long been integrated into the power structures of their realms.
The DC would be the obvious choice for an example, and I don’t think Takashi would bend or surrender. I could see Theo escaping the fall of Luthien, and be one of several factions in former DC territory, and at that point sue for peace with the SLDF.
I wouldn't be too sure it would have to come quite to that. The direct historical analogue to the Combine did end up surrendering when it became quite clear that they weren't going to get their final glorious battle but were either going to be nuked into oblivion by one opponent or turned into a Communist satrapy by the other in a out and out curb-stomp. Before that happened, everyone was sure that it would be a "to the last drop of blood" situation. It seemed to the Emperor that the honor of his generals was not worth a mountain of his subjects' corpses and the absolute devastation of his realm.
Likewise, Takashi might just be pragmatic enough to know that national suicide is not going to end well. At best, the Dragon bides its time till the Yellow Bird relaxes its guard and they rise up and overthrow the Star League pretenders and regain their stolen worlds. At worst, well, at least The Dragon denied the final victory over them to the Federated Suns...
The CC at this point is essentially inconsequential along with the periphery powers.
Historical memory runs deep. I would not be surprised if the SLDF would have the worst time in the Magistracy, Concordat and Alliance precisely because the Tauriand, Canopians and Outworlders would be screaming "Never Again!" in rage from the rooftops, remembering both the Reunification War and Kerensky's Periphery Campaign. Especially in the Concordat, I could see a reasonable risk of a "we will die as free men rather than live as Star League subjects, and the SLDF can have New Vandenburg over our cold corpses" sort of deal. The worst the Combine had to deal with as regards the SLDF was the hammer coming down a few times when the SLDF forcibly pulled the Combine and Suns off one another as well as the Hegemony being dicks and denying them all the cool technological toys. The Periphery can point instead to the atrocities of Amos Forlough.
Honestly, ComStar may be the bigger problem
Maybe, but they're both pragmatic and devious. Being that they're the old SL Ministry of Communications, they might just petition the League revived to let them continue on just as they are, and frame it as some sort of prophecy of Blake. Better to be the Man Behind The Man than risk all your toys being broken or taken away by force. And ComStar couldn't even try their usual trick of disabling the HPGs, knowing that nobody outside ComStar would know how to repair or use them -- the SLDF did have HPG technicians who could actually maintain and operate HPGs. So that gives them a bit of leverage over ComStar. "So, you removed the J-32/X Doowhackie from the transmitter? Not a problem. We have a crate of 'em on the ship. Nice try though, Toga Party..."