Orion was nuclear pulse detonation propulsion, think of it like a nuclear powered Argus Pulse Jet (V1 Propulsion). Just with a much lower frequency of pulses.
While Project Pluto replaced the fuel in a Ramjet with a nuclear heating element, however even today we would run into materials science problems, materials lightweight, capable of handling extreme heat and radiation. Lead don't fly well, and it doesn't handle heat well, Concrete wouldn't be useful either. I don't know if the materials to handle this even exist, most reactors are submerged in liquid to keep them cool. Pluto was only tested in a static installation, and I suspect with a monster cooling system to prevent the thing from melting on the test bed.