Is that mapsheet supposed to be SOL system? If so...I think I know why it's so hard to jump so "close" to Terra.
Per SO, Sol is rated as a G2 star, which places its "proximity point radius" at 1.52 billion km away (about 10.175 AUs). Note that the transit time from Sol System's zenith & nadir points (assuming 1G constant acceleration, with midpoint turnover to decelerate) matches up exactly with the distance (& confirmed with the graphic on p. 133). Per that mapsheet, 1 AU is roughly 3 hexes...so the proximity point perimeter is out 30 hexes from Sol's hex (each hex being roughly 50 million km).
Not sure why only those particular hexes have penalties applied, but I would assume the +8 is a combination of the "destination is a non-standard point" (+4) and the "destination is a transient point" (+4) penalties. Not sure what other penalties were added for the +10 & +12 hexes, but maybe they just don't want someone easily jumping that close into Sol (basically needing to be Elite/0 for the +12 hexes to even have a chance, max of Elite/2 or lower for the +10 hexes).